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Longterm Water Monitoring
Identifier:37_1
Publication date:2002
Author(s):
Diane Hope
Jennifer Edmonds
Lawrence Baker
Nancy Grimm
Abstract:
The main aim of this project is to initiate and develop a field sampling program designed to answer the following questions:(1) What are the concentrations and amounts of key nutrients, salts and trace metals being imported to and exported from the CAP LTER urban areas in surface waters (rivers and canals)?(2) How do these terms change over time in response to increasing urbanization and variations in climate?(3) What are the spatial patterns of accumulation and export, and how do these relate to specific land use patches?
Keywords:
WATER, MONITORING, Inorganic Nutrients, SONORAN DESERT, MARICOPA COUNTY, PHOENIX, urban, caplter, Central Arizona Phoenix Longterm Ecological Research, metropolitan area, Arizona, caplter created, nutrient, concentration, Fluxes of Materials and Socio-Ecosystem Response, Project id 8, caplter core monitoring
Temporal Coverage:
1997-01-12 - 2008-12-31
Geographic Coverage:
Geographic Description:Phoenix metropolitan area in Arizona, USA
Bounding Coordinates:
Longitude:-112.282581 to -111.575268
Latitude:33.626396 to 33.437094
Contact:
Data Manager, Arizona State University,
Global Institute of Sustainability,POB 875402,TEMPE
caplter.data@asu.edu
Methods used in producing this dataset:
Original Water sampling
Equipment Cleaning and Preparation
A. Water Sample Bottles (Stream Lab. protocol)
1. DIRTY WATER SAMPLE BOTTLES SHOULD BE EMPTIED, THE LIDS REMOVED, AND PLACED IN THE "DIRTY UNBREAKABLES TO BE ACID WASHED" BASKET BY THE USER.
2. Any bottles appearing stained on the inside or cracked should be discarded.
3. Using 10% HCl, wet all surfaces thoroughly, rinse in bin of distilled water, then
rinse 4X under a stream of distilled water.
4. NEVER SCRUB WITH A SCRUBBER.
5. Drip dry in cart.
6. Replace clean lids and bag in seal-able plastic bags.
B. Protect any other pieces/parts of equipment that will come into direct contact with the sample (place bottles in seal-able plastic bags for storage and transport to field).
C. Calibrate the field conductivity meter with the appropriate standard(s).
D. Go through field equipment check list, which is as follows:-
-wading and extension rods
DH81 connector, cap and nozzles (plus one extra)
3 liter Nalgene sample bottles (2 per site)
measuring tape
bucket
chest waders
60 ml syringes for pH and red vial caps (3 per site)
DIC vials (3 per site)
DOC vials (3 per site)
conductivity meter
field forms and clipboard
wash bottle with nanopure water
coolers and ice
KEY for CAP canal gate
disposable 95 x 16.8 plastic NH4 vials / caps (3 per site)
Field Procedure
Rinse all sample collecting equipment and all vials 3 times with water from the edge/side of the channel before sampling.
There are 3 methods for sampling, listed in order of preference. However the method used should be chosen according to site and flow conditions IF the water is too deep/fast flowing NEVER WADE OUT INTO THE CHANNEL. If you are in ANY DOUBT about the conditions DO NOT WADE collect a sample from a safe place at the side of the channel.
Cross-channel depth-integrated sample (CWDI) - place tape across channel section to be measured. This should be a straight-sided wade-able section of stream, with reasonably smooth, laminar flow; sections with stagnant or very turbulent water flow should be avoided. Collect water sample using the DH-81 equipment at equal-width-increments (EWIs) across the channel. The stream-width should be divided into a number of equal-width intervals; use 5 to 10 intervals for cross sections less than 5 ft wide and a minimum of 10 increments in streams 5 ft wide or greater, up to a maximum of 20 increments in extremely wide, shallow cross sections. The sample verticals should be spaced at least 6 in. apart. At each point one continuous, down-up transit of the stream should be performed at a constant rate, with no pause when the channel bottom is reached. Choose a nozzle size based on the requirement to collect the volume of sample required from the whole channel width, taking into account the channel width, depth and flow rate. DO NOT allow the bottle to overfill this could lead to enrichment of heavy particles and bias the sample. If you do not have enough water after the first complete cross-section, you must repeat the procedure over the ENTIRE cross-section. If a bottle becomes almost full BEFORE you have finished the sample, detach it and use a new second one. Then composite the entire sample by placing both through the cone splitter in the lab.
Depth-integrated sample (DI-only). If you have access to a reasonably straight-sided bank and the water at the edge of the channel is fairly deep (2 feet or more) and fast-flowing, use the DH-81 sampling rod(s) and bottle to take a depth-integrated sample from a point near the bank. Lower and raise the sampler repeatedly at the same point as described above, until enough sample has been collected.
Dip sample (Dip). A dip sample will need to be taken from the surface when the water is too fast to enter (above the knee), and there is not a vertical bank from which a DI-only sample can be taken. If the dip sample can be taken from the center of the stream from a bridge spanning the stream using a bucket or Van-Dorn sampler, this is preferred to a dip sample taken from the bank.
4. Take 3 disposable 95 x 16.8 mm plastic disposable vials and caps out with you into the flowing water. Invert and rinse the vials / caps three times before submerging the three vials under the flowing water surface to collect the NH4 sample. Cap the vials under the waters surface. Place the samples into a plastic baggy and store in the ice filled cooler for transport back to the lab. (N.B. We no longer need to collect field-filtered DOC samples).
5. Take 3 x 60ml syringe samples for closed pH. Flush each syringe 3 times from the centroid of flow; before expelling the flush water hold the syringe vertical and tap to release any air bubbles. Take care to expel the last portion of each flush UNDER the surface of the water. Draw the final sample slowly into the syringe from 10cm depth below the water surface (i.e. wrist depth) and place a red stopper over the end of the syringe UNDER THE WATER.
Take 3 vials for closed DIC analysis from the centroid of flow at a depth of 10cm below the water surface. Screw on the vial cap UNDER THE WATER.
7. Measure water temperature and conductivity at 5 points across stream channel, including centroid of flow. Also take air temperature in shaded, sheltered place, not directly adjacent to warm surfaces e.g. side of truck. Place samples on ice.
Laboratory Sample Preparation and Analyses
Chemical water analysis
soil is oven dried at 60 degrees C before KCl extraction and CHN analysis
for detailed protocols of chemical analysis please see: http://www.asu.edu/gel
Entities:
Table Name: 8_samples_1.csv
download
Attributes:
Attribute:sample_id
Description:ID for the different samples
Attribute:site_id
Description:ID for the different sites
Attribute:date
Description:Date the sample was taken.
Attribute:flow_conditions
Description:description of flow conditions during sampling
Attribute:samp_method
Description:What methods were used to collect the sample.
Domain:
Enumeration:
cwdi: channel with depth integrated
DI-only: Depth integrated only
dip: dip sample
VanD: Van Dorn sampler
Attribute:windspeed
Description:description of wind conditions at the time the sample was taken.
Measurement Unit:milesPerHour
Attribute:nozzle_size
Description:Size of the nozzle used.
Measurement Unit:inch
Attribute:winddir
Description:Wind Direction
Attribute:rationale
Description:Rationale
Domain:
Enumeration:
Baseline Data: Collected on regular schedule
Flood: Collected only after a flood
Opportunistic: Collected when deemed interesting
Attribute:precip
Description:Precipitate description
Attribute:cloud_cover
Description:Amount of cloud cover in percent
Measurement Unit:dimensionless
Attribute:personnel_id
Description:Names of sampling personnel
Attribute:flowrate
Description:Description of how fast the water was flowing.
Attribute:gage_ht
Description:How high the water was the day of the sample.
Measurement Unit:foot
Attribute:time
Description:Time the sample was taken.
Attribute:comments
Description:Extra observations
Attribute:ave_watertemp
Description:Average water temperature in the field on the day of the sampling.
Measurement Unit:celsius
Attribute:field_conductance
Description:water conductance in the field.
Measurement Unit:siemen
Attribute:lab_temp
Description:temperature of the water in the lab
Measurement Unit:celsius
Attribute:lab_conductance
Description:water conductane in the lab.
Measurement Unit:siemen
Attribute:airtemp
Description:Air temperature the day of the sample.
Measurement Unit:celsius
Attribute:data_entry
Description:Names of those who entered the data.
Attribute:finalph
Description:Final pH of the water.
Measurement Unit:dimensionless
Attribute:field_tds
Description:average total dissolved solids in the field
Measurement Unit:milligramsPerLiter
Attribute:salinity
Description:Measurement of the salinity of the water.
Measurement Unit:dimensionless
Attribute:buffers
Description:What types of buffers were used.
Attribute:phtemp
Description:Temperature at which the pH was taken.
Measurement Unit:celsius
Attribute:tss
Description:average total suspeneded solids determined in the lab
Measurement Unit:milligramsPerLiter
Attribute:filtertvs
Description:average total volatile solids determined in the lab
Measurement Unit:milligramsPerLiter
Attribute:pan_tds
Description:average total dissolved solids determined in the lab
Measurement Unit:milligramsPerLiter
Attribute:sample_protocol_id
Description:the sampling protocol used
Domain:
Enumeration:
null: Original water sampling
1: Draft CAP LTER Water Sampling Protocol
2: Revised LTER Water Sampling Protocol (8/30/01)
Table Name: 8_sites_1.csv
download
Attributes:
Attribute:site_id
Description:Abbreviations of the sites where water was collected.
Attribute:site_name
Description:Name of the site where water was collected.
Attribute:site_type
Description:Type of site at which the water was collected
Domain:
Enumeration:
baseline: site sampled on regular basis
flood site: site sampled only after flood event
Attribute:project_id
Description:LTER Project Number
Domain:
Enumeration:
8: cap lter project number 8
Attribute:sample_unit
Description:sample unit
Attribute:gis_layer
Description:Layer on GIS
Attribute:latitude
Description:Latitude
Measurement Unit:dimensionless
Attribute:longitude
Description:Longitude
Measurement Unit:dimensionless
Table Name: 8_analysis_1.csv
download
Attributes:
Attribute:analysis
Description:analysis ID
Attribute:storet
Description:Storet code for this analysis
Attribute:analysis_description
Description:CAP LTER internal code definition for analysis.
Attribute:instrument_code
Description:CAP LTER internal code for instrument used
Attribute:instrument
Description:Instrument used for analysis.
Table Name: 8_data_qualifier_1.csv
download
Attributes:
Attribute:data_qualifier
Description:Internal dataqualifier code.
Attribute:data_qualifier_label
Description:Internal dataqualifier label.
Table Name: 8_results_1.csv
download
Attributes:
Attribute:result_id
Description:Unique sequential numbers used to identify specific results.
Attribute:sample_id
Description:Unique sequential numbers identifying a specific sample.
Attribute:site_id
Description:ID for the different sites
Attribute:replicate
Description:ID for replicate analysis
Domain:
Enumeration:
1: first parallel
2: second parallel
3: third parallel
Attribute:analysis
Description:Internal analysis description code.
Attribute:control
Description:CAP LTER internal control code
Domain:
Enumeration:
A: default value
Attribute:date_analyzed
Description:The date the data was analyzed.
Attribute:dilution
Description:dilution factor for analysis
Measurement Unit:dimensionless
Attribute:qaqc_method
Description:QAQC method
Attribute:data_value
Description:original concentration
Measurement Unit:milligramsPerLiter
Attribute:final_value
Description:calculated final value
Measurement Unit:milligramsPerLiter
Attribute:qaqc_result
Description:Results from the QA QC softwear.
Measurement Unit:dimensionless
Attribute:units
Description:The units that the results are in.
Domain:
Enumeration:
ppm: ppm
ppb: ppb
Attribute:method
Description:The code for the type of methods used.
Attribute:data_qualifier
Description:flag regarding data quality
Table Name: 8_solids_1.csv
download
Attributes:
Attribute:solid_id
Description:record ID
Attribute:sample_id
Description:sample ID
Attribute:filter_initial
Description:initial filter weight
Measurement Unit:gram
Attribute:filter_dry
Description:dry weight of filter and sample
Measurement Unit:gram
Attribute:volume_filtered
Description:volume of water used for filtering
Measurement Unit:milliliter
Attribute:filter_ashed
Description:ashed weight of filter and sample
Measurement Unit:gram
Attribute:beaker_initial
Description:initial weight of empty beaker
Measurement Unit:gram
Attribute:volume_evapor
Description:volume that was evaporated
Measurement Unit:milliliter
Attribute:beaker_dry
Description:dry weight of beaker and sample
Measurement Unit:gram
Attribute:replicate
Description:replicate ID
Domain:
Enumeration:
1: 1. replicate
2: 2. replicate
3: 3. replicate
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